End of World War II:
World War I : 1914 - 1918
World War II : 1939 - 1945
Allies countries : America, Soviet Union, Britain, France
Axis countries: Germany, Italy, Japan
World War II ended in August 1945, when the United States dropped bombs on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Hiroshima - August 6, 1945 - Little Boy
Nagasaki - August 9, 1945 - Fat Man
The bombs had a capacity of 15-21 kilometer tons.
👉 Criticism of America:
America knew that Japan was about to surrender. So there was no need to drop the bomb.
👉 America's side:
Supporters of the US argued that the dropping of an atomic bomb was necessary to end the war as quickly as possible and to prevent further casualties for the Allies.
👉 Objective behind the attack:
America also wanted to show to the Soviet Union that America is the biggest power in the world.
Beginning of Cold War:
👉 With the end of World War II, two superpowers (USA and Soviet Union) emerged on the stage of global politics.
👉 The US and the Soviet Union were pitted against each other in the race to become a superpower, which led to the start of the Cold War.
👉 Both the superpowers had so many nuclear weapons that both could cause unbearable damage to each other.
👉 In such a situation, neither of the two superpowers wanted to take the risk of war because whatever the winner would have been in the event of war, but both would have to face great loss due to the war.
👉 If any superpower tried to thwart another superpower by attacking its nuclear weapons, then the other would still have weapons to destroy it. This position was called 'Avarodha' - (stop and balance).
Cuban Missile Crisis:
👉 Cuba is a neighboring island country of the USA. Here the communist government was established under the leadership of Fidel Castro.
👉 Cuba was associated with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union provided him with military and financial aid. America did not want communist rule to be established in Cuba.
👉 In 1962, the President of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba, which was a threat to America.
👉 America got this information after 3 weeks. Then US President John F Kennedy was afraid to take any such step that would lead to a war between the two. Therefore, Kennedy ordered that the Soviet Union's ships be stopped from reaching Cuba and a blockade of Cuba be carried out.
👉 Due to this incident, both the countries had come on the line of war. This was the climax of the Cold War.
👉 In the end, both of them acted wisely. The Soviet Union withdrew nuclear missiles from Cuba and the US ended the blockade. This is called the 'Cuban Missile Crisis'.
Reasons for the start of Cold War or Two-Polar World:
👉 Definition of cold war
The possibility of war, not war, remains, is called cold war. After World War II, the world was divided into two camps (USA and Soviet Union). This was the start of the Cold War.
👉 Reasons for the start of the Cold War:
➡️ ️Ideology related differences:
Two superpowers emerged after the Second World War. While America was supporting the capitalist ideology, the Soviet Union was supporting the communist ideology.
➡️ Europe after the Second World War:
After World War II, most countries in Western Europe sided with America, while most countries in Eastern Europe supported the Soviet Union.
➡️ Formation of military-groups:
After the Second World War, the formation of military groups started. On 4 April 1949, America joined NATO.(North Atlantic Treaty Organization - North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established. It included 12 countries of Europe including America. This organization declared that if an attack on any one country would be considered an attack on all and all would help each other.
Whereas the countries of Eastern Europe formed an organization called 1955 'Warsaw Pact' under the leadership of Soviet Union. It was created in opposition to NATO.
➡️ The weakening of the United Nations Organization:
The United Nations was established after the Second World War but it too proved weak in stopping the Cold War.
️➡️ Weapon race:
Arms and arms race started between the two groups. Both made atomic bombs, which fueled the Cold War.
️➡️ Increasing scope of influence in different parts of the world:
Both the superpowers wanted the influence of their ideology to increase in different parts of the world. While America was trying to make the newly independent country adopt a capitalist ideology, the Soviet Union was trying to adopt a communist ideology.
Superpowers benefit from smaller countries
👉 Important Resources:
The superpowers wanted to exploit the natural resources of small countries like oil, minerals etc.
👉 Use of land area:
The superpowers wanted to use the territory of smaller countries to conduct weapons, for example: Cuba.
👉 Creating Military Bases:
Both factions wanted to form alliances with smaller countries to spy on each other.
👉 Financial help:
Both superpowers believed that they could be helpful in meeting the military expenses of smaller countries.
cold war zone
Definition :
The Cold War began in 1945 after World War II, and the Cold War ended in the 1990s with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. During this many events happened which come under the scope of Cold War.
👉 Korea Problem (1950-53):
From 1950 to 1953, there was civil war between North Korea and South Korea. While America supported South Korea, the Soviet Union supported North Korea. Many countries including India played an important role in solving this problem.
👉 Vietnam Crisis:
Vietnam was occupied by France. It was occupied by Japan in World War II, but after Japan's defeat in World War II, France invaded Vietnam again and France was defeated in the Battle of Daen-Bian-Fu. After this, Vietnam was divided into two parts under the 'Geneva Agreement': North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
America supported southern Vietnam for the spread of capitalism. This was followed by wars in North and South Vietnam. America also intervened in this war and lost. After this the whole of Vietnam was unified.
👉 Cuba Missile Crisis:
In 1962, the Soviet Union deployed missiles to Cuba to attack America. America got the news of this after 3 weeks. Then the US blocked Cuba, due to which the Soviet Union had to withdraw the missiles. The Soviet Union used the missile, arguing that the US wanted to overthrow the communist regime in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis has been called the climax of the Cold War.
👉 Berlin Crisis:
Germany was defeated in the Second World War and the US, England, France and the Soviet Union established the German capital, Berlin. Where capitalist ideology came in West Germany and communism was established in East Germany.
In 1961 the Soviet Union erected the Berlin Wall. This wall was broken in 1989 and Germany was unified.
👉 The Hungarian Problem (1955):
This problem arose because of the imposition of communist ideology in Hungary by the Soviet Union.
👉 Formation of Non-Aligned :
It is called non-aligned to express an impartial view on international events without joining any group. Newly independent countries like India, Ghana, Egypt, Indonesia and Yugoslavia played an important role in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Non-Aligned Movement
👉 To express impartial views on international events without joining any group is called non-aligned.
👉 After the Second World War, when the world was divided into two factions, the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America adopted the policy of non-alignment.
👉 Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, President of Indonesia Sukarno, President of Yugoslavia Joseph Broz Tito, President of Egypt Gamal Abdul Nasser and Prime Minister of Ghana Wame Nkrumah played an important role in the formation of Non-Aligned.
Objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement:
➡️ Establishing International Peace
➡️ Put an end to imperialism and colonialism
➡️ ️ Stopping the arms race
➡️ Opposing nuclear weapons
➡️ Opposing military groups
➡️ Supporting Human Rights
➡️ ️Emphasizing on world environmental protection
➡️ Demanding a new international economy
Non-alignment and Neutrality
Non-Alignment:
★ Non-aligned means joined any group to have an unbiased view on international events without
★ Non-aligned is used in both peace and war.
★ Non-aligned countries see how to solve the problem let there be a solution and peace prevails.
★ This is a positive concept.
★ It present right and wrong idea about war.
★ Non-Aligned Courage Policy.
Neutrality :
★ Neutrality means keeping yourself away from international affairs.
★ Neutrality is used only in the event of war.
★ It is a policy of abstaining from war.
★ This is a negative concept.
★ Neutral countries do not engage in war and do not present right or wrong views about war.
★ Neutrality is a policy of cowardice.
Non-alignment and Separatism
Non-Alignment:
◆ Non-aligned means without joining any group to have an impartial view on international events.
◆ Relations are maintained in international affairs in Non-Aligned huh.
◆ Non-aligned country mediated to establish peace follow the policy.
◆ After the second world war, many newly independent countries including Indiad adopted the policy of non-alignment.
Separationism:
◆ Separatism means not to join the war follow the policy.
◆ Broke ties with international affairs in separatism go.
◆ In this, the policy of mediation was not adopted in the opposing nations.
◆ America had adopted this policy before the First World War.
Why did the newly independent countries or India adopt the policy of non-alignment?
👉 Economic problem:
The newly independent countries were beset by many types of economic problems. In such a situation, if they had joined any one faction, then they would not be able to take cooperation from both the superpowers.
👉 Weapon Race:
The newly independent countries were against increasing arms and hence they adopted the policy of non-alignment.
👉 Independent Foreign Policy:
The newly independent countries adopted the policy of non-alignment to make their own foreign policy.
👉 Opposing Colonialism:
The newly independent countries were colonies of some European country before independence. After independence, he opposed colonialism and adopted the policy of non-alignment.
👉 International Verdict:
The newly independent country (India) could take such international decisions only because of the policy of non-alignment, which served their interests.
👉 Strengthening your position:
Whenever the newly independent country especially India felt that any superpower was ignoring it, then India would have strengthened its position by making relations with other factions.
Criticism of India's Non-Aligned Policy
👉 Many scholars believe that India's policy of non-alignment is without principle. India wanted to avoid international affairs, so it adopted this policy.
👉 India's policy of non-alignment only serves the interests of its nation.
👉 Some scholars believe that India's behavior was not completely non-aligned. For example, India entered into a treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971.
New International Economic Order
👉 Non-aligned countries are underdeveloped and poor countries.
👉 In 1972, at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), a report titled 'Towards a New Trade Policy for Development - Towards a New Trade Policy for Development' was presented. done.
👉 In this report, reforms in the global trading system were proposed and the following demands were made:
️➡️ Reduce the cost of technology being imported from western countries
️➡️ Underdeveloped countries should have complete control over their natural resources
️➡️ Less developed countries should also have access to the markets of western countries so that they can also sell their goods there.
️➡️ Increase the role of underdeveloped countries in international economic institutions
